Modern Chemistry Chapter 14 Review Acids and Bases Answers

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Modernistic Chemistry Chapter 14 Acids & Bases

Section 1 Properties of Acids & Bases • Aqueous solutions of acids gustation sour. • Acids change the color of acid-base indicators. • Some acids react with active metals and release hydrogen gas. • Acids react with bases to produce salts and water. • Acids conduct electricity (electrolytes).

Common acids • Name some items with a sour taste, and it is usually an acid or has an acid every bit an ingredient.

Binary Acids • A binary acid is an acid that contains only hydrogen and 1 of the more electronegative elements. (group 17 elements primarily)

Binary Acid Nomenclature • Naming binary acids: – The name of a binary acid begins with the prefix "hydro". – The root of the name of the second element follows this prefix. – The name so ends with the suffix "ic". • • • HF = hydrofluoric acrid HCl = hydrochloric acrid HBr = hydrobromic acid HI = hydroiodic acid H two S = hydrosulfuric acrid

Acrid Nomenclature Practice • • Write the formula for the following binary acids one) hydrochloric acid two) hydroiodic acid Name the following binary acids: ane) HBr(aq) ii) H 2 S(aq) 3) HF(aq)

Oxyacids & Nomenclature • An oxyacid is an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element, unremarkably a nonmetal. • Nomenclature of an oxyacid. – Determine the name of the polyatomic ion combined with the hydrogen. – If the proper noun of the ion ends with "ate", supervene upon information technology with "ic" and add the word acrid. – If the name of the ion ends with "ite", replace it with "ous" and add the word acid. • For instance for HNO 3, NO 31 - = nitrate, and so the name of the acid is nitric acid. • As well for HNO two, NO 21 - = nitrite, then the name of the acid is nitrous acrid.

Acrid Nomenclature Practise • Name the post-obit oxyacids: • • H 2 So four (aq) H two And so iii (aq) HCl. O ii (aq) HCl. O three (aq) HCl. O 4 (aq) HC 2 H 3 O ii (aq)

Acrid Classification Exercise • Write the formula for the following acids: • phosphoric acid • phosphorous acrid • nitric acid

Common Industrial Acids • Sulfuric acrid (H 2 And then iv) is the most normally produced industrial chemical and is used in petroleum refining, metallurgy, and is used in the production of fertilizer, metals, paint, dye, paper & detergents. Information technology is also used in automobile batteries.

Common Industrial Acids • Nitric acrid (HNO 3) stains proteins (similar those in your pare) yellow. It is used in the manufacture of explosives, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.

Mutual Industrial Acids • Phosphoric acid (H three PO 4) is used primarily in the industry of fertilizers and fauna feed. It is also used every bit a flavoring for beverages.

Common Industrial Acids • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the acid produced by the tummy for digestion. It is also chosen muriatic acid and is used to clean masonry and maintain the acidity of pond pools.

Common Industrial Acids • Acetic acrid (HC 2 H 3 O 2) is the agile ingredient in vinegar and is produced by the fermentation of certain plants. It is used equally a flavoring agent, a preservative, and as a fungicide. It is too used in the industry of plastics.

Backdrop of Bases • Aqueous solutions of bases gustatory modality biting. • Dilute aqueous solutions of bases feel slippery. • Bases change the colour of acid-base indicators. • Bases react with acids to produce salts & water. • Bases behave electricity (electrolytes).

Base of operations Classification • All bases contain the hydroxide (OH) ion. • About bases too contain a metallic ion. • The number of hydroxide ions is determined by the charge of the metal ion. • Na+ + OH- Na. OH • Ca 2+ + OH- Ca(OH)2 • Al 3+ + OH- Al(OH)3

Base Nomenclature • Naming bases is VERY hard. – Proper noun the cation. – Add "hydroxide". Ba(OH)2 = barium hydroxide NH 4 OH = ammonium hydroxide KOH = potassium hydroxide

Arrhenius Acids & Bases • An Arrhenius acid is a chemical compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen, H+ (hydronium, H iii O+) ions in an aqueous solution. • An Arrhenius base is a chemic compound that increases the concentration of hydroxide (OH-) ions in an aqueous solution.

Acid & Base Force • A strong acid is one that ionizes completely in an aqueous solution. • A weak acid is an acid that releases few hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. • A strong base of operations, like a potent acrid, is one that completely dissociates to produce hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution and acts as a strong electrolyte. • A weak base is a weak electrolyte that produces few hydroxide ions and is ordinarily not very soluble in h2o. – Do section review questions #1 through 5 on page 476.

Cross-Disciplinary Connection • Read the Cross-Disciplinary Connection entitled "Acid H2o-A Hidden Menace" on page 477. • Reply the 3 questions at the finish of the article.

Section ii Acrid-Base of operations Theories • Bronsted-Lowry acid is a molecule or ion that is a proton (H+) donor. • Bronsted-Lowry base of operations is a molecule or ion that is a proton acceptor. • A monoprotic acid can donate only ane proton (H+) per molecule. • A polyprotic acrid tin donate more than i proton per molecule. – diprotic acrid can donate 2 protons, such as H 2 And so 4 – triprotic acid can donate 3 protons, such as H three PO 4

Lewis Acids & Bases • A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor. • A Lewis base is an electron pair donor.

Section 3 Acid-Base of operations Reactions • A conjugate base of operations is the species that remains later on a Bronsted-Lowry acrid gives upwardly a proton. • A conjugate acid is the species that is formed when a Bronsted-Lowry base gains a proton. – For the reaction HF + H 2 O F- + H three O+ – the F- is the conjugate base of operations and the H 3 O+ is the cohabit acid.

Neutralization Reaction • A neutralization reaction is the reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water. HCl + Na. OH Na. Cl + H two O • neutralization is the reaction of a hydronium (H three O+) and a hydroxide (OH-) ion to form a h2o molecule. H iii O+ + OH- ii H 2 O • A salt is an ionic compound equanimous of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid. Na+ + Cl- Na. Cl

Acid Rain • Gaseous byproducts of industrial processes enter the temper and combine with water to produce an acrid that the falls as acid rain. SO two + H two O H 2 SO 3 + H ii O H 2 So 4 NO + H 2 O HNO 2 + H 2 O HNO three

Modern Chemistry Chapter xiv Test Review • 35 multiple choice questions – – – – – properties of acids and bases (9) definition, naming & identification of binary and oxyacids (5) determining formulas of oxyacids from their names (3) names and uses of the common industrial acids; sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, and acetic (6) definitions and identification of Arrhenius acids & bases (iii) definitions of weak & strong acids (1) identify diprotic & triprotic acids (2) definition of Bronsted-Lowry acids & bases (2) definition of Lewis acids & bases (2) definition of conjugate acids & bases (two)

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